By Jeff Norris
UC San Francisco research has identified a particular group of nerve cells in the brain that play an important role in anxiety’s influence over behavior. The researchers have found that turning off signaling from this small population of neurons in the front of the mouse brain can act as sort of a “chill pill,” reducing the likelihood of anxious behavior driven by signals from another brain region called the hippocampus.
In research published April 30, 2019 in Neuron, scientists led by Vikaas Sohal, MD, PhD, an associate professor of psychiatry at UCSF and member of the Weill Institute for Neuroscience, found that mice were less likely to decide to venture into an exposed part of an elevated maze—something mice typically find quite scary—when cells in the prefrontal cortex called “VIP interneurons” were activated.
VIP interneurons—named for their production of a protein called vasoactive intestinal peptide—can shut off signals that normally suppress the activity of other neurons, a brain-circuit double-negative. These cells make up only a few percent of neurons in the brain, Sohal said, but they may play an important role in modifying how signals are transmitted within and between networks of neurons in different brain regions, ultimately leading to changes in behavior.
The prefrontal cortex, a major decision-making structure in the brains of mammals ranging from mice to humans, receives, integrates and processes input from many areas of the brain, and in their new study the researchers found that VIP interneurons within the prefrontal cortex are important for determining when certain signals are used to makes decisions.
In the case of anxiety, the brain’s hippocampus—also recognized as a key player in the formation of memories and the generation of emotions—plays a role, and recently scientists including Mazen Kheirbek, PhD, an assistant professor of psychiatry at UCSF and member of the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, have found that reducing activity in a particular region of the hippocampus in mice can reduce anxiety.
VIP interneurons (red), shown scattered among other prefrontal neurons (blue-green), allow a mouse's anxiety to influence their exploration of a scary location. When researchers turned these neurons off, animals became much bolder.
“We think VIP interneurons act as the gatekeeper for the hippocampus to transmit emotional information to the prefrontal cortex for use in decision making,” Sohal said.
In the wild, a decision to avoid or explore an open space often affects a mouse’s vulnerability to predators. Anxiety and avoidance might often be a good survival strategy for mice, but in humans chronic anxiety can be a debilitating condition, affecting an estimated seven percent or more of the U.S. population. If not recognized and treated, an anxiety disorder may contribute to broken relationships, stunted careers, alcoholism and other life-diminishing outcomes.
While the new findings do not immediately suggest new treatment strategies, according to Sohal there is good evidence from many studies that avoidance behavior in mice when they are confronted with open space is a good analogy to anxious responses In humans, and that there’s more that can be learned from studying signaling within networks of neurons in mice. Responses to an anxiety-provoking stimulus—rapid heartbeat and hormonal changes, for example—are similar in mice and humans, and drugs used to treat human anxiety can reduce avoidance behavior in mice, Sohal said.
In the new UCSF study, the team of researchers, including Anthony Lee, an MD/PhD student, and Margaret Cunniff, a neurosciences graduate student, used optogenetics, a method in which laser light–activated proteins can activate or suppress the activity of cells. The scientists used this technique to switch off the transmission of electrical signals by VIP interneurons at specific times to see how this affected behavior.
By determining exactly when VIP neurons normally become active and influence behavior, the researchers were able to figure out exactly when to shut off VIP interneurons in order to reduce anxiety-related avoidance behavior. The behavioral response required that the light stimulation turning off the VIP interneurons not be continuous, but rather that it occur at the moment when the mouse was approaching the decision point in the maze—when VIP firing normally occurs and amplifies the avoidance signal from the hippocampus.
“In this study we found out how this particular type of neuron basically regulates how strongly the prefrontal cortex receives the input from the hippocampus,” Sohal said. “Now we want to know how these VIP interneurons might influence communication between other structures within the brain.”
Given the findings so far, scientists studying how to use electrical stimulation to treat brain disorders may want to consider timing and environmental factors rather than simply applying stimulation continuously, Sohal said.
Authors: UCSF co-authors included Jermyn See; Scott Wilke, MD, PhD; Francisco Luongo; Ian Ellwood; and Srimadh Ponnavolu, all of whom are affiliated with the UCSF Department of Psychiatry, the Weill Institute for Neuroscience, the Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, and the Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology.
Funding: The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (DP2 MH100011, R01 MH100292), including a grant from the NIH BRAIN initiative (U01 486 MH105948), as well as the Simons Foundation and the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences.
Disclosures: The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.
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About UCSF Psychiatry
The UCSF Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital, and the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute are among the nation's foremost resources in the fields of child, adolescent, adult, and geriatric mental health. Together they constitute one of the largest departments in the UCSF School of Medicine and the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, with a mission focused on research (basic, translational, clinical), teaching, patient care, and public service.
UCSF Psychiatry conducts its clinical, educational and research efforts at a variety of locations in Northern California, including UCSF campuses at Parnassus Heights, Mission Bay and Laurel Heights, UCSF Medical Center, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, the San Francisco VA Health Care System, and UCSF Fresno.
About the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
The UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, established by the extraordinary generosity of Joan and Sanford I. "Sandy" Weill, brings together world-class researchers with top-ranked physicians to solve some of the most complex challenges in the human brain.
The UCSF Weill Institute leverages UCSF’s unrivaled bench-to-bedside excellence in the neurosciences. It unites three UCSF departments—Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neurological Surgery—that are highly esteemed for both patient care and research, as well as the Neuroscience Graduate Program, a cross-disciplinary alliance of nearly 100 UCSF faculty members from 15 basic-science departments, as well as the UCSF Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, a multidisciplinary research center focused on finding effective treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
About UCSF
UC San Francisco (UCSF) is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. It includes top-ranked graduate schools of dentistry, medicine, nursing and pharmacy; a graduate division with nationally renowned programs in basic, biomedical, translational and population sciences; and a preeminent biomedical research enterprise.
It also includes UCSF Health, which comprises three top-ranked hospitals – UCSF Medical Center and UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals in San Francisco and Oakland – as well as Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital, UCSF Benioff Children’s Physicians, and the UCSF Faculty Practice. UCSF Health has affiliations with hospitals and health organizations throughout the Bay Area. UCSF faculty also provide all physician care at the public Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, and the San Francisco VA Medical Center. The UCSF Fresno Medical Education Program is a major branch of the University of California, San Francisco’s School of Medicine.
