By Robin Marks
Sarah, clinical trial participant, at an appointment with Katherine Scangos, MD, PhD. [Photo: Maurice Ramirez/UCSF]
UCSF Health physicians have successfully treated a patient with severe depression by tapping into the specific brain circuit involved in depressive brain patterns and resetting them using the equivalent of a pacemaker for the brain.
The study, which appears in the Oct. 4, 2021, issue of Nature Medicine, represents a landmark success in the years-long effort to apply advances in neuroscience to the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
“This study points the way to a new paradigm that is desperately needed in psychiatry,” said Andrew Krystal, MD, MS, the Ray and Dagmar Dolby Distinguished Professor and Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. “We’ve developed a precision-medicine approach that has successfully managed our patient’s treatment-resistant depression by identifying and modulating the circuit in her brain that’s uniquely associated with her symptoms.”
Previous clinical trials have shown limited success for treating depression with traditional deep brain stimulation (DBS), in part because most devices can only deliver constant electrical stimulation, usually only in one area of the brain. A major challenge for the field is that depression may involve different brain areas in different people.
What made this proof-of-principle trial successful was the discovery of a neural biomarker — a specific pattern of brain activity that indicates the onset of symptoms — and the team’s ability to customize a new DBS device to respond only when it recognizes that pattern. The device then stimulates a different area of the brain circuit, creating on-demand, immediate therapy that is unique to both the patient’s brain and the neural circuit causing her illness.
This customized approach alleviated the patient’s depression symptoms almost immediately, Krystal said, in contrast to the four- to eight-week delay of standard treatment models and has lasted over the 15 months she has had the implanted device. For patients with long-term, treatment-resistant depression, that result could be transformative.
“I was at the end of the line,” said the patient, who asked to be known by her first name, Sarah. “I was severely depressed. I could not see myself continuing if this was all I’d be able to do, if I could never move beyond this. It was not a life worth living.”
Applying proven advances in neuroscience to mental health
The path to this project at UC San Francisco began with a large, multicenter effort sponsored under President Obama’s BRAIN (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) Initiative in 2014.
"I was at the end of the line, " said Sarah, a clinical trial patient. "I was severely depressed. I could not see myself continuing if this was all I’d be able to do, if I could never move beyond this. It was not a life worth living." [Photo: Maurice Ramirez/UCSF]
Through that initiative, UCSF neurosurgeon Edward Chang, MD, and colleagues conducted studies to understand depression and anxiety in patients undergoing surgical treatment for epilepsy, for whom mood disorders are also common. The research team discovered patterns of electrical brain activity that correlated with mood states and identified new brain regions that could be stimulated to relieve depressed mood.
With results from the previous research as a guide, Chang, Krystal, and first author Katherine Scangos, MD, PhD, all members of the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, developed a strategy relying on two steps that had never been used in psychiatric research: mapping a patient’s depression circuit and characterizing her neural biomarker.
“This new study puts nearly all the critical findings of our previous research together into one complete treatment aimed at alleviating depression,” said Chang, who is co-senior author with Krystal on the paper and the Joan and Sanford Weill Chair of Neurological Surgery.
The team evaluated the new approach in June 2020 under an FDA investigational device exemption, when Chang implanted a responsive neurostimulation device that he has successfully used in treating epilepsy.
“We were able to deliver this customized treatment to a patient with depression, and it alleviated her symptoms,” said Scangos, a health sciences assistant clinical professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. “We haven’t been able to do this kind of personalized therapy previously in psychiatry.”
To personalize the therapy, Chang put one of the device’s electrode leads in the brain area where the team had found the biomarker and the other lead in the region of Sarah’s depression circuit where stimulation best relieved her mood symptoms. The first lead constantly monitored activity; when it detected the biomarker, the device signaled the other lead to deliver a tiny (1mA) dose of electricity for 6 seconds, which caused the neural activity to change.
“The effectiveness of this therapy showed that not only did we identify the correct brain circuit and biomarker, but we were able to replicate it at an entirely different, later phase in the trial using the implanted device,” said Scangos. “This success in itself is an incredible advancement in our knowledge of the brain function that underlies mental illness.”
Translating neural circuits into new insights
For Sarah, the past year has offered an opportunity for real progress after years of failed therapies.
“In the early few months, the lessening of the depression was so abrupt, and I wasn’t sure if it would last,” she said. “But it has lasted. And I’ve come to realize that the device really augments the therapy and self-care I’ve learned while being a patient here at UCSF.”
The combination has given her perspective on emotional triggers and irrational thoughts on which she used to obsess. “Now,” she said, “those thoughts still come up, but it’s just…poof…the cycle stops.”
While the approach appears promising, the team cautions that this is just the first patient in the first trial.
“There’s still a lot of work to do,” said Scangos, who has enrolled two other patients in the trial and hopes to add nine more. “We need to look at how these circuits vary across patients and repeat this work multiple times. And we need to see whether an individual’s biomarker or brain circuit changes over time as the treatment continues.”
Sarah works in her community garden. [Photo: John Lok/UCSF]
FDA approval for this treatment is still far down the road, but the study points toward new paths for treating severe depression. Krystal said that understanding the brain circuits underlying depression is likely to guide future non-invasive treatments that can modulate those circuits.
Added Scangos, “The idea that we can treat symptoms in the moment, as they arise, is a whole new way of addressing the most difficult-to-treat cases of depression.”
Co-authors include Ankit Khambhati, PhD; Patrick Daly; Ghassan Makhoul; Leo Sugrue, MD, PhD; Hashem Zamanian; Tony Liu; Vikram Rao, MD, PhD; Kristin Sellers, PhD; Heather Dawes, PhD; and Philip Starr, MD, all of UCSF. The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (K23NS110962), the Ray and Dagmar Dolby Family Fund, and other philanthropy.
Disclosures: Krystal consults for several bioscience companies and acknowledges support from Janssen and others. Chang and UCSF have patents related to brain stimulation to treat neuropsychiatric disorders. Full disclosures can be found in the Nature Medicine paper.
Read the journal article
Further coverage
- The New York Times: A ‘pacemaker for the brain’: No treatment helped her depression — until this
- CNN: Brain stimulation acts 'like a switch' to turn off severe depression for one patient
- The Mercury News: They’re wiring the brain at UCSF to lift clouds of depression
- Live Science: A 'pacemaker' for brain activity helped woman emerge from severe depression
- San Francisco Chronicle: How UCSF scientists made one woman's severe depression disappear
- Brain and Behavior Research Foundation: Positive preliminary results in highly personalized deep-brain stimulation therapy for treatment-resistant depression
About UCSF Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
The UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute are among the nation's foremost resources in the fields of child, adolescent, adult, and geriatric mental health. Together they constitute one of the largest departments in the UCSF School of Medicine and the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, with a mission focused on research (basic, translational, clinical), teaching, patient care, and public service.
UCSF Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences conducts its clinical, educational, and research efforts at a variety of locations in Northern California, including Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital; UCSF Medical Centers at Parnassus Heights, Mission Bay, and Mount Zion; UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals in San Francisco and Oakland; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center; the San Francisco VA Health Care System; UCSF Fresno; and numerous community-based sites around the San Francisco Bay Area.
About the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
The UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, established by the extraordinary generosity of Joan and Sanford I. "Sandy" Weill, brings together world-class researchers with top-ranked physicians to solve some of the most complex challenges in the human brain.
The UCSF Weill Institute leverages UCSF’s unrivaled bench-to-bedside excellence in the neurosciences. It unites three UCSF departments—Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neurological Surgery—that are highly esteemed for both patient care and research, as well as the Neuroscience Graduate Program, a cross-disciplinary alliance of nearly 100 UCSF faculty members from 15 basic-science departments, as well as the UCSF Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, a multidisciplinary research center focused on finding effective treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
About UCSF
The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) is exclusively focused on the health sciences and is dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. UCSF Health, which serves as UCSF’s primary academic medical center, includes top-ranked specialty hospitals and other clinical programs, and has affiliations throughout the Bay Area.
