By Suzanne Leigh
Image of the olfactory bulb. The green in the image shows immunostained cerebrospinal fluid from one patient containing neural autoantibodies. [Image: Bartley CM et al. JAMA Neurology]
Suicidal thoughts, “paranoia-like fears,” delusions and “foggy brain” have been identified in three adolescents who had mild or asymptomatic COVID-19. Now, a new study into their immune responses identifies a potential mechanism by which these symptoms emerged.
The study, led by researchers at the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences and the UCSF Department of Pediatrics, is the first to look at anti-neural antibodies—“turncoat” antibodies that may attack brain tissue—in pediatric patients who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Over a duration of five months in 2020, a total of 18 children and teens were hospitalized with confirmed COVID at UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital San Francisco, according to the study published in JAMA Neurology on Oct. 25, 2021. They included the three patients in the study who underwent neurological evaluations.
The researchers examined the patients’ cerebrospinal fluid, obtained via lumbar puncture, and found that two of the patients, both of whom had histories of unspecified depression and/or anxiety, had antibodies indicating that SARS-CoV-2 may have invaded the central nervous system. The same patients, who had mild/asymptomatic COVID, also had anti-neural antibodies in their cerebrospinal fluid, which were identified by immunostaining brain tissue. This suggests an immune system running amok, mistakenly targeting the brain instead of infectious microbes.
Autoantibody parallel in adults with neurological symptoms
The research follows a UC San Francisco study with Yale, published on May 18, 2021, in Cell Reports Medicine, that also found a high level of autoantibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of adult patients with acute COVID, who had neurological symptoms, including intractable headaches, seizures and loss of smell.
“It is way too soon to know whether COVID is a common trigger for neuropsychiatric illnesses, but it does seem to be a potent trigger for the development of autoantibodies,” said co-corresponding author Samuel Pleasure, MD, PhD, of the UCSF Department of Neurology. “It is currently totally unknown whether patients predisposed to neuropsychiatric illnesses are more likely to develop worsened symptoms after COVID, or whether COVID infection can act as an independent trigger.”
Efforts to identify an autoantibody shared by patients with similar neuropsychiatric symptoms have so far failed, said co-first author Christopher Bartley, MD, PhD, of the UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. “These autoantibodies may be most clinically meaningful as markers of immune dysregulation, but we haven’t found evidence that they are actually causing the patients’ symptoms. There’s certainly more work to be done in this area.”
Christopher Bartley, MD, PhD [Photo: SRK Headshot Day]
Unlike most psychiatric presentations, the three patients in the UCSF study had symptoms with sudden onset and rapid progression, representing a marked change from their baselines, said co-first author Claire Johns, MD, of the UCSF Department of Pediatrics. “The patients had significant neuropsychiatric manifestations despite mild respiratory symptoms, suggesting potential short and long-term effects of COVID.”
After weekslong hospitalizations and ongoing psychiatric medications, the two UCSF patients, whose cerebrospinal fluid tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and anti-neural antibodies, were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, an immunomodulatory therapy that curbs inflammation in autoimmune disorders. Five days later, the first patient had “more organized thoughts, decreased paranoia and improved insight.”
This patient was also found to have autoantibodies targeting the protein TCF4, which is genetically implicated in some cases of schizophrenia. However, “we don’t know that the antibodies are actually interfering with the protein’s function,” said co-corresponding author Michael R. Wilson, MD, of the UCSF Department of Neurology, noting that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on a constellation of symptoms, rather than a specific biomarker.
The second patient appeared to have a modest response to immunotherapy with improved cognition and working memory, but continued to have “impaired mood and cognitive symptoms” six months later. The third patient, who had no psychiatric history and had neither SARS-CoV-2 antibodies nor anti-neural antibodies in their cerebrospinal fluid, made a complete recovery with psychiatric medications. His symptoms were ultimately attributed to recreational drug use.
Immunotherapy prompts swift response in adult with psychosis
A more dramatic response was reported in a case study by Yale and UCSF, published in Biological Psychiatry on April 9, 2021, that documented a 30-year-old patient with mildly symptomatic COVID who presented at a hospital emergency department with delusions, violent outbursts, hyper-anxiety and paranoia. After failing to achieve a lasting remission with antipsychotic medications, he was diagnosed with possible “autoimmune-mediated psychosis” and was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. His symptoms improved after the first day of treatment and he was eventually discharged without antipsychotic medications.
“We can’t say, based on such a limited number of patients, whether immunotherapy played any role in the patients’ clinical course,” cautioned Wilson. “In the cases of the two UCSF patients, we cannot rule out that they improved independent of immunotherapy, due either to concurrent treatment with psychiatric medications or the passage of time.”
Nonetheless, the researchers agree it’s unlikely that there were pre-existing autoantibodies, and they point to other disorders with psychiatric symptoms, like anti-NMDAR encephalitis syndrome, that are caused by anti-neural antibodies and respond to treatment directed at these rogue antibodies.
The researchers agree that more study is warranted, although Pleasure noted that one obstacle in expanding this research is the paucity of cerebrospinal fluid samples from pediatric patients. “We don’t get to study the cerebrospinal fluid in kids very often,” he said. “Children with COVID are only very rarely sick enough to warrant a lumbar puncture, and kids who are very sick with multisystem inflammatory disease usually don’t have a specific reason to get one.”
Meanwhile, mounting research suggests that COVID increases one’s risk for psychiatric and neurological effects. A study from the United Kingdom published earlier this year found that of approximately 250,000 patients with COVID over the age of 10, the estimated incidence of a neurological or psychiatric diagnosis in the following six months was 34 percent; with 13 percent receiving their first such diagnosis.
Other authors are Thomas Ngo; Ravi Dandekar, MS; Rita Loudermilk; Bonny Alvarenga; Isobel Hawes; Colin Zamecnik, PhD; Kelsey Zorn, MHS; Jessa Alexander; Anne Wapniarski; Joseph DeRisi, PhD; Carla Francisco, MD; Kendall Nash, MD; and Sharon Wietstock, MD, all of UCSF.
The research was supported by NIH grants (NIMH R01MH122471; NINDS K08NS096117 and NINDS R01NS118995-14S), an S10 Shared Instrumentation grant (1S10OD017993-01A1); and the Brain Research Foundation. Dr. Bartley is supported by a Hanna H. Gray Fellowship from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the UC President’s Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, the UCSF John A. Watson Scholar Program, and the Latinx Center of Excellence Grant No. D34HP3178.
Read the journal article
- JAMA Neurology: Anti–SARS-CoV-2 and autoantibody profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid of 3 teenaged patients with COVID-19 and subacute neuropsychiatric symptoms
Further coverage
- San Francisco Chronicle: Three California teens developed psychosis after COVID. Here's what scientists say about the cases
- Live Science: 'Rogue' antibodies found in brains of teens with delusions and paranoia after COVID-19
About UCSF Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
The UCSF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute are among the nation's foremost resources in the fields of child, adolescent, adult, and geriatric mental health. Together they constitute one of the largest departments in the UCSF School of Medicine and the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, with a mission focused on research (basic, translational, clinical), teaching, patient care, and public service.
UCSF Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences conducts its clinical, educational, and research efforts at a variety of locations in Northern California, including Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital; UCSF Medical Centers at Parnassus Heights, Mission Bay, and Mount Zion; UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals in San Francisco and Oakland; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center; the San Francisco VA Health Care System; UCSF Fresno; and numerous community-based sites around the San Francisco Bay Area.
About the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
The UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, established by the extraordinary generosity of Joan and Sanford I. "Sandy" Weill, brings together world-class researchers with top-ranked physicians to solve some of the most complex challenges in the human brain.
The UCSF Weill Institute leverages UCSF’s unrivaled bench-to-bedside excellence in the neurosciences. It unites three UCSF departments—Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neurological Surgery—that are highly esteemed for both patient care and research, as well as the Neuroscience Graduate Program, a cross-disciplinary alliance of nearly 100 UCSF faculty members from 15 basic-science departments, as well as the UCSF Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, a multidisciplinary research center focused on finding effective treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
About UCSF
The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) is exclusively focused on the health sciences and is dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. UCSF Health, which serves as UCSF’s primary academic medical center, includes top-ranked specialty hospitals and other clinical programs, and has affiliations throughout the Bay Area.
